Equestrian vaulting and Cossack trick riding both involve performing gymnastic or acrobatic movements on a moving horse. However, they differ in the horse’s trajectory, speed, equipment, exercises and modern context.
Equestrian vaulting is now a codified competitive discipline performed on a horse controlled on a lunge line. Cossack trick riding, also known as line vaulting and closely associated with jigitovka, mainly features high-speed movements performed around a specially equipped saddle.
Although both practices share a long history of athletic movement on horseback, they should not be confused.
What Is Equestrian Vaulting?
Equestrian vaulting, sometimes described more specifically as circle vaulting, features one or more vaulters performing on a horse or pony controlled on a lunge line. The lunger stands at the centre of the circle and controls the animal’s gait and trajectory.
Depending on the level and category, the horse moves at walk or canter. It wears a vaulting surcingle with handles and a broad pad protecting its back.
Vaulters perform static and dynamic exercises such as:
- the basic seat;
- the flag;
- the mill;
- the scissors;
- the stand;
- leg swings;
- mounts and dismounts;
- pair and squad formations.
Equestrian vaulting can be practised recreationally, as a way to develop balance, as a performance art or as a competitive sport.
A Discipline Organised Around the Lunger
The lunger plays a central role. They guide the horse from a distance and maintain a regular gait so that the vaulters can perform their exercises.
The vaulter does not directly control the horse. This allows them to concentrate on balance, posture and coordination.
The performance depends on three inseparable partners:
- the horse;
- the lunger;
- the vaulter.
A Codified Competitive Sport
Equestrian vaulting has official rules, competition categories and judging criteria. Competitions include individual, pas-de-deux and squad classes.
Depending on the level, competitors present:
- compulsory exercises;
- a freestyle test performed to music;
- a technical test in certain advanced categories.
Judges assess execution, difficulty, artistic composition, and the performance of the horse and lunger.
What Is Cossack Trick Riding?
Cossack trick riding is a fast form of equestrian acrobatics in which a rider performs movements around the saddle while the horse generally travels at canter or gallop.
It is frequently performed along a straight track, which explains the expression line vaulting. The rider sends the horse along the track, performs one or more figures and then returns to the saddle or slows the horse at the end of the line.
The practice is now particularly associated with:
- equestrian shows;
- historical demonstrations;
- stunt riding;
- film productions;
- specialist equestrian performance training.
Unlike competitive equestrian vaulting, it does not primarily rely on a standard sequence of compulsory exercises performed before a judging panel.
What Does Jigitovka Mean?
The term jigitovka, also written djigitovka or dzhigitovka, refers to a tradition of equestrian skill associated with the Caucasus and the horse cultures of the region.
The National Library of France describes jigitovka as a form of line vaulting practised notably by the Terek and Kuban Cossacks. It included exercises in which riders dismounted and remounted at speed, picked up objects from the ground, stood on the horse or concealed themselves along its body.
The modern term “Cossack trick riding” can encompass performance practices influenced by several equestrian traditions. Not every form of high-speed horse acrobatics is therefore exclusively of Cossack origin.
First Difference: The Horse’s Trajectory
The most visible difference concerns the path followed by the horse.
A Circle in Competitive Vaulting
In equestrian vaulting, the horse moves around the lunger. Its trajectory should remain as regular as possible to provide the vaulters with predictable movement.
The lunger controls:
- the size of the circle;
- the rhythm;
- the gait;
- the horse’s balance;
- communication with the animal.
The horse follows this circular trajectory throughout the test.
A Straight Line in Cossack Trick Riding
Cossack trick riding is frequently performed on a straight track. The horse travels over a defined distance while the rider performs a movement.
The straight line allows the horse to maintain greater speed while the rider moves around the saddle, beneath the neck or along the horse’s side.
Some demonstrations may use a curved track or a larger arena. Nevertheless, the straight line remains the most characteristic format.
Second Difference: How the Horse Is Controlled
The method used to guide the horse is another fundamental distinction.
A Horse Controlled by a Lunger
In equestrian vaulting, the horse is guided by the lunger. The vaulter does not hold reins or directly determine the horse’s gait and direction.
This separates the roles clearly: the lunger controls the horse while the vaulter performs the exercises.
A Horse Sent Forward by the Rider
In Cossack trick riding, the horse is not normally attached to a lunge line during the performance. The rider prepares its approach, sends it along the track and then performs the figure while retaining enough control to return to the saddle.
The horse must maintain its gait and direction while the rider changes position and may be temporarily unable to use conventional riding aids.
Training therefore requires considerable trust, consistency and gradual habituation.
Third Difference: Speed
The two practices do not seek the same rhythm.
A Regular Gait in Equestrian Vaulting
Equestrian vaulting can be performed at walk or canter. In advanced competitions, the horse maintains a regular and balanced canter.
The quality of the gait matters more than speed. A horse that suddenly accelerates or slows down affects the vaulters’ balance and may receive a lower score.
A Faster Gallop in Cossack Trick Riding
Cossack trick riding is generally associated with a strong canter or gallop. The speed contributes to the dynamic and spectacular appearance of the movements.
However, it also increases the demands placed on the rider, horse and equipment. The approach and stopping distances must be carefully anticipated.
Speed should never exceed the horse’s physical or mental abilities.
Fourth Difference: Equipment
The two practices use very different equipment.
The Vaulting Surcingle
A horse used for equestrian vaulting generally wears:
- a vaulting surcingle;
- two rigid handles;
- a broad vaulting pad;
- a girth;
- an approved bridle or lunging arrangement;
- suitable protective equipment when required.
The vaulter uses the handles during mounts, changes of position and certain exercises.
The pad provides a broad surface for contact and helps protect the horse’s back.
The Cossack Trick-Riding Saddle
Cossack trick riding generally uses a specially prepared saddle. It must remain stable while the rider moves around it.
Depending on the school and the movements performed, the equipment may include:
- a pommel;
- additional handles;
- secured or adapted stirrups;
- a breastplate;
- multiple attachment points;
- reinforced girthing.
This equipment allows the rider to support themselves around the saddle, move down the horse’s side or briefly reach towards the ground.
A conventional saddle should never be modified informally to reproduce these movements. The equipment must be designed, inspected and fitted by competent professionals.
Fifth Difference: The Movements Performed
The technical repertoire of each practice reflects its equipment and objectives.
Equestrian Vaulting Exercises
Equestrian vaulting movements particularly emphasise:
- balance;
- flexibility;
- strength;
- body alignment;
- stability;
- transitions;
- coordination between several vaulters;
- musical interpretation.
Compulsory exercises allow judges to compare the technical abilities of competitors. Freestyle tests provide greater creative freedom.
Vaulters mainly perform above the horse’s back and around the surcingle.
Cossack Trick-Riding Figures
Cossack trick-riding figures make greater use of the horse’s sides, neck and the space around the saddle.
They may include:
- standing on the saddle;
- lying along the neck;
- hanging beside the horse;
- concealing the rider behind the horse’s body;
- reaching towards the ground before returning to the saddle;
- picking up an object without stopping;
- moving from one side of the saddle to the other;
- performing positions supported by a stirrup or handle.
The names and exact forms of these figures vary between schools, performers and traditions. The same name can therefore describe slightly different movements.
Sixth Difference: The Modern Context
Equestrian vaulting and Cossack trick riding do not occupy the same place in the contemporary equestrian world.
A Recreational and Competitive Discipline
Equestrian vaulting is taught in specialist riding centres. It can provide an introduction to horses, improve a rider’s balance or lead to national and international competition.
The discipline has:
- official rules;
- competition categories;
- specialist judges;
- codes of points;
- national and international championships;
- training pathways for vaulters and coaches.
A Mainly Artistic and Spectacular Practice
Cossack trick riding is now primarily associated with equestrian performance and stunt work. It appears in shows, historical reenactments and film productions.
In France, it may be taught as part of equestrian performance training, but it does not have the same structured competitive circuit as equestrian vaulting.
Its transmission depends largely on performers, stunt riders, specialist schools and equestrian entertainment professionals.
Seventh Difference: Historical Origins
Both practices have ancient roots, but they followed different paths towards their modern forms.
The Multiple Origins of Horseback Acrobatics
Exercises demonstrating agility on horseback have existed since antiquity in several parts of the world. They have served military training, demonstrations of skill, games and entertainment.
It would therefore be inaccurate to attribute every form of equestrian vaulting to one people or historical period.
The Military Traditions Behind Line Vaulting
Line vaulting developed partly from techniques used by different horse cultures. Certain movements allowed riders to pick up objects, change position quickly or conceal themselves behind their horses.
In the Caucasus, these practices became particularly associated with the Terek and Kuban Cossacks under the name jigitovka. The exercises gradually moved beyond their military context and became displays of equestrian skill.
Development as a Performance Art
High-speed trick-riding displays became important features of circuses and equestrian shows. Movements were adapted to make them more visible and spectacular.
Modern Cossack trick riding retains this artistic dimension, even when performers draw inspiration from historical movements and equipment.
The Codification of Equestrian Vaulting
Equestrian vaulting gradually developed into a structured sport. Exercises were described, classified and incorporated into programmes that allowed competitors to be compared.
This process created a progression from introductory lessons to international championships.
Are Different Types of Horses Used?
No breed is exclusively reserved for either practice. However, the desired characteristics are not entirely identical.
The Equestrian Vaulting Horse
A horse used for circle vaulting should generally possess:
- a calm temperament;
- regular gaits;
- an aptitude for work on a lunge line;
- a suitable back for controlled contact;
- sufficient balance on a circle;
- tolerance of the vaulters’ movements.
Speed is not a priority. Regularity and willingness are more important.
The Cossack Trick-Riding Horse
A Cossack trick-riding horse must be able to:
- maintain a stable trajectory;
- preserve its gait without constant aids;
- accept rapid movements from the rider;
- remain calm when the rider disappears from its field of vision;
- carry specialist equipment correctly;
- accelerate and slow down under control.
It must also be sufficiently agile and confident to work at a higher speed.
In both practices, individual temperament and training are more important than breed.
Is the Relationship with the Horse Different?
In both disciplines, the horse must be gradually accustomed to human movement on its back and around its body.
Communication Through the Lunger
In equestrian vaulting, communication primarily passes through the lunger. They observe the horse and adjust their aids to preserve its rhythm and willingness.
The vaulter must follow the strides and avoid heavy landings.
Greater Autonomy in Cossack Trick Riding
In Cossack trick riding, the horse must continue along its trajectory while the rider changes position rapidly. The partnership therefore depends on precise preparation and considerable trust.
This autonomy does not mean the horse works without instructions. It results from progressive training and cues established before each exercise.
Which Practice Is More Dangerous?
Both activities involve risks, but the nature of those risks differs.
Equestrian vaulting carries the possibility of falling from the horse, losing balance and making errors during pair or squad formations.
Cossack trick riding adds the consequences of greater speed, proximity to the horse’s legs and suspended positions around the saddle.
It is generally treated as a stunt or performance discipline requiring specialist training.
Exercises That Must Not Be Attempted Alone
Figures seen in shows and videos are the result of extensive training. They should never be attempted:
- on an unprepared horse;
- with a conventional saddle;
- without an instructor;
- without inspected equipment;
- on an unsuitable surface;
- without gradual preparation.
Training begins with ground exercises, stationary equipment and appropriate assistance.
The Essential Differences Between the Two Practices
Equestrian vaulting is performed on a horse controlled on a lunge line and moving at a regular gait. It features codified gymnastic exercises and can lead to national or international competition.
Cossack trick riding is generally performed on a horse travelling at canter or gallop along a straight line. The rider uses a specialist saddle to perform rapid movements around the horse. Today, it is mainly associated with equestrian shows and stunt work.
The principal differences therefore concern:
- the horse’s trajectory;
- the role of the lunger;
- speed;
- equipment;
- the type of exercises;
- the competitive or artistic context;
- historical development;
- the level and nature of risk.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is Cossack Trick Riding a Form of Equestrian Vaulting?
Yes. It belongs to the broad family of acrobatic practices on horseback, but it differs significantly from competitive equestrian vaulting.
Is Equestrian Vaulting Always Performed at Canter?
No. Beginners and certain competition categories perform at walk. Advanced classes place greater emphasis on canter work.
Is Cossack Trick Riding Always Performed in a Straight Line?
The straight track is its most characteristic format. However, some demonstrations may use a curved track or a different arena layout.
Is the Same Saddle Used for Both Practices?
No. Equestrian vaulting uses a surcingle and pad, while Cossack trick riding generally uses a reinforced saddle with specific support points.
Are There Cossack Trick-Riding Competitions?
Meetings and demonstrations may be organised, but in France Cossack trick riding does not have the same codified sporting circuit as equestrian vaulting.
Can Both Disciplines Be Learned at a Riding Centre?
Some riding centres teach equestrian vaulting. Cossack trick riding generally requires a specialist instructor or organisation involved in equestrian performance and stunt work.
Two Acrobatic Practices with Different Purposes
Equestrian vaulting and Cossack trick riding share a focus on balance, agility and control of the body on horseback. However, their operation remains fundamentally different.
The first uses a horse controlled on a circle, a regular gait and codified competitive exercises. The second emphasises a fast trajectory, specialist saddle and figures inherited from line-vaulting traditions.
These differences explain why each requires specific training, equipment and properly prepared horses. In both cases, participant safety and horse welfare must remain the priorities.
Main sources:
French Equestrian Federation – Equestrian Vaulting,
National Library of France – Origins of Equestrian Acrobatics,
French Equestrian Federation – Introduction to Cossack Trick Riding.
